Let's outline each second-line therapy

Apomorphine Infusion:

-       Delivered either intermittently or continuous infusion through a small, wearable pump. This pump is connected to a needle that sits under the skin (changed daily).

-       Allows for rescue injections during “off” periods (when symptoms are most evident)

Duodopa (Intestinal levodopa):

-       This delivers a levodopa gel directly into the small intestine for more consistent medication absorption compared to oral medication.

-       The device consists of a surgically placed tube and portable pump.

Vyalev (Levodopa infusion):

-       Continuous infusion (24hr) delivery of levodopa under the skin.

-       Improves daily “on” time when compared to oral medication.

-       Delivered via a wearable pump and a needle that sits under the skin.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS):

-       A surgical procedure to implant electrodes into the brain. These are connected to a pacemaker like device.

For more information visit:

Integrated Neurology https://integratedneurology.com.au

and Sydney DBS https://www.sydneydbs.com